Deltoid ligament injury
Etiology
Ankle sprain
- eversion / external rotation
Ankle fractures
anatomy
Cord injury patterns
Anatomy
Dorsal Columns
- light touch, vibration & proprioception
- CTLS (cervical fibres central, sacral fibres lateral)
Lateral Corticospinal Tract
- motor tract
Atlanto-axial Rotatory Instability
Definition
Acute dislocation of the atlanto-axial facet joint
Present with acute torticollis
Etiology
Children
Ulna collateral ligament
Definition
Injury to ulnar collateral ligament of thumb MCPJ
Interferes with pinch grip and grasp and thumb is ineffective as a post
Pectoralis Major Tears
Epidemiology
Middle age men
Steroids / Growth Hormone
Aetiology
Usually occurs in gym
Bench Press
Clinical
Significant bruising in the acute phase
In chronic setting, ask patient to adduct against hip / resistance
Arterial Supply Upper Limb
Subclavian Artery
Origin
- on right arises from brachiocephalic trunk behind right sternoclavicular joint
- on left arises from the arch of the aorta
Ends
- outer border first rib as axillary artery
First part
- origin of artery to medial aspect scalenus anterior
- on right arches above the clavicle / lies on the pleura / RLN wraps about it
Arterial Supply Lower Limb
Femoral Artery
Enters thigh
- midway between ASIS and pubic symphysis
- in femoral triangle
- NAVY (nerve / artery / vein / Y fronts)
- in femoral sheath with femoral vein (transversalis fascia and psoas fascia)
- femoral nerve outside sheath / under the iliac fascia / lateral
Femoral triangle
Anatomy
- inguinal ligament superiorly
- medial border sartorius laterally
Morton's Neuroma
Definition
Benign enlargement of the common digital branch
- usually 3rd webspace
Anatomy
Found at level of or just distal to MT heads
- deep to the deep transverse MT ligament
Epidemiology
Classically women between 40 and 60
Flexor Tendon Background
Anatomy
Fascicles of long, spiraling bundles
- tenocytes & Type I collagen
- synovial cells & fibroblasts present
Endotenon
- surrounds the individual collagen bundles
Epitenon
- fine fibrous outer layer, highly cellular, continuous with endotenon
- contains most of the blood vessels & capillaries
Flexor Pulley Ruptures
Anatomy
5 Annular pulleys
3 Cruciate pulleys
Pathology
A1 and A5 expendable
Loss of other annular pulleys can lead to bowstringing
- A2 & A4 +/- A3
Aetiology
Rock climbers
- usually when slipping
May hear or feel a pop
Develop swelling / tenderness / pain
Bowstringing